The Way of the World as a representative Restoration Comedy

In the world of Restoration comedy, William Congreve’s play The Way of the World stands out as a shining example of comedy of manners. This unique genre of comedy focuses on human behavior, particularly the social norms and expectations of the time. It finds humor in the incongruities between people’s behaviors and societal expectations, giving rise to characters like gallants, fops, rakes, and wits. The play not only provides entertainment but also offers a reflection of the contemporary society of its time. It serves as a masterful showcase of Restoration literature, capturing the essence of metropolitan aristocratic society in London.

The Context of the Play

The Way of the World is set exclusively in London, emphasizing the significance of the urban setting. However, it is important to note that Restoration comedy primarily portrays the aristocratic society of the time and does not represent every stratum of the population. In fact, country people are often depicted as lacking sophistication and are subjected to ridicule. This focus on the metropolitan aristocracy reveals the social dynamics and characteristics of the period.

The Evolution of the Play

When The Way of the World was initially performed in 1700, it did not achieve immediate success. However, as time went on, it became recognized as a classic example of comedy of manners and one of Congreve’s masterpieces. The title of the play is fitting on two levels. First, it is inspired by the social period in which it was originally performed, providing insight into the societal norms and behaviors of the time. Second, as a comedy of manners, it satirizes the follies and absurd social behaviors exhibited by its characters. This timeless quality has allowed the play to transcend its era and continue to entertain audiences.

The Play’s Themes and Humor

Like all comedies of this genre, The Way of the World is replete with sexual innuendos and vulgar humor. Each act begins in a different location, offering glimpses into various aspects of society. Act 1 takes place in a chocolate house, a popular gathering spot for people to socialize and indulge their senses. Act II unfolds in St. James Park, symbolizing freedom and a break from societal constraints. Act III, set in Lady Wishfort’s house, surprisingly takes place in a toilet, underscoring the tendency of Restoration people to trivialize serious matters. Act IV continues this trend, with Lady Wishfort obsessing over impressing a visitor by meticulously planning her appearance and speech. These events highlight the extravagant and showy nature of the Restoration period and its people.

The Characters and Their Mannerisms

Within the play, the male characters, such as Mirabell, Witwood, Petuland, and Fainall, pursue women with adulterous and deceptive intentions. This pursuit of young and beautiful women was fashionable in contemporary society. The characters engage in various plots and deceptions, often assuming disguises and behaving in ways that contrast with their true selves. This element of pretense and deception reflects the social norms of the time. Mirabell, in particular, pretends to love Lady Wishfort in order to gain access to Millamant’s inheritance. Fainall is driven by the desire to secure Millamant’s fortune through his marriage to her. These characters embody the shallow and materialistic values prevalent during the Restoration period.

The Role of Wit and Language

Wit plays a significant role in Restoration Comedy, and The Way of the World is no exception. The characters employ language in clever and tricky ways, often engaging in repartee and sharp exchanges. Wit serves as a weapon for amusement, appealing to the intelligence of the audience. Mirabell’s witty speech, for example, highlights the cynical view of marriage in the early eighteenth century. He ironically advises Mrs. Fainall, saying, “You should have just so much disgust for your husband as may be sufficient to make you relish your lover.” This sharp sense of humor pervades the entire play, which revolves around themes of adultery, marriage, and fortune hunting.

The Socioeconomic Context

Restoration England was a period characterized by a moneyed class with leisure time. Pursuit of pleasure and material gain consumed the thoughts and actions of many. Marriage was often seen as a transaction for monetary purposes, rather than driven by love or societal stability. The play intimately explores these concepts by utilizing prose, reflecting the age of commerce and materialism. Money becomes a central theme, and the language of numbers and practicality takes precedence over poetic expression. The Way of the World subtly reveals the shallowness and vulgarity of the time, shining a light on the society’s values and priorities.

Conclusion

As a brilliant comedy of manners, The Way of the World holds up a mirror to the foibles and follies of Restoration society. Within the witty and satirical language lies a social critique, presenting opportunities for introspection and providing avenues for social reform. While capturing the spirit of its time, this play also transcends its era, offering timeless insights into the complexities of human relationships and societal expectations. Congreve’s masterpiece continues to entertain and provoke thought, making it a representative example of Restoration comedy of manners.